Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling
Identifieur interne : 001605 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001604; suivant : 001606Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling
Auteurs : T. S. Bates [États-Unis] ; T. L. Anderson [États-Unis] ; T. Baynard [États-Unis] ; T. Bond [États-Unis] ; O. Boucher [Royaume-Uni] ; G. Carmichael [États-Unis] ; A. Clarke [États-Unis] ; C. Erlick [Israël] ; H. Guo [États-Unis] ; L. Horowitz [États-Unis] ; S. Howell [États-Unis] ; S. Kulkarni [États-Unis] ; H. Maring [États-Unis] ; A. Mccomiskey [États-Unis] ; A. Middlebrook [États-Unis] ; K. Noone [Suède] ; C. D. O'Dowd [Irlande (pays)] ; J. Ogren [États-Unis] ; J. Penner [États-Unis] ; P. K. Quinn [États-Unis] ; A. R. Ravishankara [États-Unis] ; D. L. Savoie [États-Unis] ; S. E. Schwartz [États-Unis] ; Y. Shinozuka [États-Unis] ; Y. Tang [États-Unis] ; R. J. Weber [États-Unis] ; Y. Wu [États-Unis]Source :
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics [ 1680-7316 ] ; 2006-05-22.
Abstract
The largest uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate change over the industrial era is that due to aerosols, a substantial fraction of which is the uncertainty associated with scattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation by anthropogenic aerosols in cloud-free conditions (IPCC, 2001). Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty in aerosol influences on climate is critical to understanding climate change over the industrial period and to improving predictions of future climate change for assumed emission scenarios. Measurements of aerosol properties during major field campaigns in several regions of the globe during the past decade are contributing to an enhanced understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on light scattering and climate. The present study, which focuses on three regions downwind of major urban/population centers (North Indian Ocean (NIO) during INDOEX, the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP) during ACE-Asia, and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA) during ICARTT), incorporates understanding gained from field observations of aerosol distributions and properties into calculations of perturbations in radiative fluxes due to these aerosols. This study evaluates the current state of observations and of two chemical transport models (STEM and MOZART). Measurements of burdens, extinction optical depth (AOD), and direct radiative effect of aerosols (DRE ? change in radiative flux due to total aerosols) are used as measurement-model check points to assess uncertainties. In-situ measured and remotely sensed aerosol properties for each region (mixing state, mass scattering efficiency, single scattering albedo, and angular scattering properties and their dependences on relative humidity) are used as input parameters to two radiative transfer models (GFDL and University of Michigan) to constrain estimates of aerosol radiative effects, with uncertainties in each step propagated through the analysis. Constraining the radiative transfer calculations by observational inputs increases the clear-sky, 24-h averaged AOD (34±8%), top of atmosphere (TOA) DRE (32±12%), and TOA direct climate forcing of aerosols (DCF ? change in radiative flux due to anthropogenic aerosols) (37±7%) relative to values obtained with "a priori" parameterizations of aerosol loadings and properties (GFDL RTM). The resulting constrained clear-sky TOA DCF is ?3.3±0.47, ?14±2.6, ?6.4±2.1 Wm?2 for the NIO, NWP, and NWA, respectively. With the use of constrained quantities (extensive and intensive parameters) the calculated uncertainty in DCF was 25% less than the "structural uncertainties" used in the IPCC-2001 global estimates of direct aerosol climate forcing. Such comparisons with observations and resultant reductions in uncertainties are essential for improving and developing confidence in climate model calculations incorporating aerosol forcing.
Url:
Affiliations:
- Irlande (pays), Israël, Royaume-Uni, Suède, États-Unis
- Géorgie (États-Unis), Iowa
- Atlanta, Iowa City
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Université de l'Iowa
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Hal, to step Corpus: 000004
- to stream Hal, to step Curation: 000004
- to stream Hal, to step Checkpoint: 000007
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 001623
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 001605
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bates, T S" sort="Bates, T S" uniqKey="Bates T" first="T. S." last="Bates">T. S. Bates</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-27524" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderson, T L" sort="Anderson, T L" uniqKey="Anderson T" first="T. L." last="Anderson">T. L. Anderson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-91318" status="VALID"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, Washington, USA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.atmos.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-300433" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-300433" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-300433" status="VALID"><orgName>University of Washington [Seattle]</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, WA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baynard, T" sort="Baynard, T" uniqKey="Baynard T" first="T." last="Baynard">T. Baynard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61590" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Earth System Research Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bond, T" sort="Bond, T" uniqKey="Bond T" first="T." last="Bond">T. Bond</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-211257" status="VALID"><orgName>Civil and Environmental Engineering</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CEE</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>College of Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801-2352</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://cee.illinois.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366198" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366198" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366198" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boucher, O" sort="Boucher, O" uniqKey="Boucher O" first="O." last="Boucher">O. Boucher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61591" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Climate</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="GB"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314835" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314835" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314835" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Chemistry and Ecosystems Team</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carmichael, G" sort="Carmichael, G" uniqKey="Carmichael G" first="G." last="Carmichael">G. Carmichael</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-171469" status="VALID"><orgName>Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CGRER</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>424 IATL, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366215" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366215" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366215" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Iowa</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
<region type="state">Iowa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clarke, A" sort="Clarke, A" uniqKey="Clarke A" first="A." last="Clarke">A. Clarke</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60783" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Oceanography</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303923" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303923" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303923" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Hawaii</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erlick, C" sort="Erlick, C" uniqKey="Erlick C" first="C." last="Erlick">C. Erlick</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61593" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="IL"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-313234" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-313234" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-313234" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Israël</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, H" sort="Guo, H" uniqKey="Guo H" first="H." last="Guo">H. Guo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61594" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314836" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314836" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314836" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Oceanic and Space Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horowitz, L" sort="Horowitz, L" uniqKey="Horowitz L" first="L." last="Horowitz">L. Horowitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-27369" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Howell, S" sort="Howell, S" uniqKey="Howell S" first="S." last="Howell">S. Howell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60783" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Oceanography</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303923" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303923" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303923" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Hawaii</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, S" sort="Kulkarni, S" uniqKey="Kulkarni S" first="S." last="Kulkarni">S. Kulkarni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-171469" status="VALID"><orgName>Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CGRER</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>424 IATL, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366215" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366215" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366215" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Iowa</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
<region type="state">Iowa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maring, H" sort="Maring, H" uniqKey="Maring H" first="H." last="Maring">H. Maring</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61595" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Radiation Science Program</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314837" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314837" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314837" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NASA Headquarters</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccomiskey, A" sort="Mccomiskey, A" uniqKey="Mccomiskey A" first="A." last="Mccomiskey">A. Mccomiskey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61596" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Middlebrook, A" sort="Middlebrook, A" uniqKey="Middlebrook A" first="A." last="Middlebrook">A. Middlebrook</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61590" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Earth System Research Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noone, K" sort="Noone, K" uniqKey="Noone K" first="K." last="Noone">K. Noone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61597" status="INCOMING"><orgName>International Geosphere Biosphere Program</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="SE"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314838" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314838" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314838" status="INCOMING"><orgName>International Geosphere Biosphere Program</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Suède</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Dowd, C D" sort="O Dowd, C D" uniqKey="O Dowd C" first="C. D." last="O'Dowd">C. D. O'Dowd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61598" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Experimental Physics & Environmental Change Institute</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="IE"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314839" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314839" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314839" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Experimental Physics & Environmental Change Institute</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ogren, J" sort="Ogren, J" uniqKey="Ogren J" first="J." last="Ogren">J. Ogren</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61596" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Penner, J" sort="Penner, J" uniqKey="Penner J" first="J." last="Penner">J. Penner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61594" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314836" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314836" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314836" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Oceanic and Space Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quinn, P K" sort="Quinn, P K" uniqKey="Quinn P" first="P. K." last="Quinn">P. K. Quinn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-27524" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ravishankara, A R" sort="Ravishankara, A R" uniqKey="Ravishankara A" first="A. R." last="Ravishankara">A. R. Ravishankara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61590" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Earth System Research Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Savoie, D L" sort="Savoie, D L" uniqKey="Savoie D" first="D. L." last="Savoie">D. L. Savoie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61599" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305402" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305402" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305402" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Miami</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schwartz, S E" sort="Schwartz, S E" uniqKey="Schwartz S" first="S. E." last="Schwartz">S. E. Schwartz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61600" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Environmental Sciences Department</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303824" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303824" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303824" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Brookhaven National Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shinozuka, Y" sort="Shinozuka, Y" uniqKey="Shinozuka Y" first="Y." last="Shinozuka">Y. Shinozuka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60783" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Oceanography</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303923" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303923" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303923" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Hawaii</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tang, Y" sort="Tang, Y" uniqKey="Tang Y" first="Y." last="Tang">Y. Tang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-171469" status="VALID"><orgName>Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CGRER</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>424 IATL, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366215" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366215" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366215" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Iowa</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
<region type="state">Iowa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weber, R J" sort="Weber, R J" uniqKey="Weber R" first="R. J." last="Weber">R. J. Weber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60607" status="VALID"><orgName>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Georgia Institute of Technology Attn: (name of individual) 311 Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30332-0340 phone: 404-894-3893 Fax: 404-894-5638</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.eas.gatech.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366808" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366808" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366808" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Georgia Institute of Technology</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Atlanta</settlement>
<region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Georgia Institute of Technology</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Y" sort="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Y." last="Wu">Y. Wu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-91318" status="VALID"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, Washington, USA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.atmos.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-300433" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-300433" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-300433" status="VALID"><orgName>University of Washington [Seattle]</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, WA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">HAL</idno>
<idno type="RBID">Hal:hal-00295924</idno>
<idno type="halId">hal-00295924</idno>
<idno type="halUri">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295924</idno>
<idno type="url">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295924</idno>
<date when="2006-05-22">2006-05-22</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Hal/Corpus">000004</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Hal/Curation">000004</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Hal/Checkpoint">000007</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1680-7316:2006:Bates T:aerosol:direct:radiative</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001623</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001605</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001605</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bates, T S" sort="Bates, T S" uniqKey="Bates T" first="T. S." last="Bates">T. S. Bates</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-27524" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderson, T L" sort="Anderson, T L" uniqKey="Anderson T" first="T. L." last="Anderson">T. L. Anderson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-91318" status="VALID"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, Washington, USA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.atmos.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-300433" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-300433" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-300433" status="VALID"><orgName>University of Washington [Seattle]</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, WA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baynard, T" sort="Baynard, T" uniqKey="Baynard T" first="T." last="Baynard">T. Baynard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61590" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Earth System Research Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bond, T" sort="Bond, T" uniqKey="Bond T" first="T." last="Bond">T. Bond</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-211257" status="VALID"><orgName>Civil and Environmental Engineering</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CEE</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>College of Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801-2352</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://cee.illinois.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366198" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366198" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366198" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boucher, O" sort="Boucher, O" uniqKey="Boucher O" first="O." last="Boucher">O. Boucher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61591" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Climate</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="GB"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314835" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314835" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314835" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Chemistry and Ecosystems Team</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carmichael, G" sort="Carmichael, G" uniqKey="Carmichael G" first="G." last="Carmichael">G. Carmichael</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-171469" status="VALID"><orgName>Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CGRER</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>424 IATL, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366215" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366215" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366215" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Iowa</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
<region type="state">Iowa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clarke, A" sort="Clarke, A" uniqKey="Clarke A" first="A." last="Clarke">A. Clarke</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60783" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Oceanography</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303923" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303923" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303923" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Hawaii</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erlick, C" sort="Erlick, C" uniqKey="Erlick C" first="C." last="Erlick">C. Erlick</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61593" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="IL"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-313234" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-313234" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-313234" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Israël</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, H" sort="Guo, H" uniqKey="Guo H" first="H." last="Guo">H. Guo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61594" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314836" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314836" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314836" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Oceanic and Space Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horowitz, L" sort="Horowitz, L" uniqKey="Horowitz L" first="L." last="Horowitz">L. Horowitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-27369" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Howell, S" sort="Howell, S" uniqKey="Howell S" first="S." last="Howell">S. Howell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60783" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Oceanography</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303923" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303923" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303923" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Hawaii</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, S" sort="Kulkarni, S" uniqKey="Kulkarni S" first="S." last="Kulkarni">S. Kulkarni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-171469" status="VALID"><orgName>Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CGRER</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>424 IATL, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366215" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366215" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366215" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Iowa</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
<region type="state">Iowa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maring, H" sort="Maring, H" uniqKey="Maring H" first="H." last="Maring">H. Maring</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61595" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Radiation Science Program</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314837" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314837" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314837" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NASA Headquarters</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccomiskey, A" sort="Mccomiskey, A" uniqKey="Mccomiskey A" first="A." last="Mccomiskey">A. Mccomiskey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61596" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Middlebrook, A" sort="Middlebrook, A" uniqKey="Middlebrook A" first="A." last="Middlebrook">A. Middlebrook</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61590" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Earth System Research Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noone, K" sort="Noone, K" uniqKey="Noone K" first="K." last="Noone">K. Noone</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61597" status="INCOMING"><orgName>International Geosphere Biosphere Program</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="SE"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314838" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314838" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314838" status="INCOMING"><orgName>International Geosphere Biosphere Program</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Suède</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Dowd, C D" sort="O Dowd, C D" uniqKey="O Dowd C" first="C. D." last="O'Dowd">C. D. O'Dowd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61598" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Experimental Physics & Environmental Change Institute</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="IE"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314839" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314839" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314839" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Experimental Physics & Environmental Change Institute</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>Irlande (pays)</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ogren, J" sort="Ogren, J" uniqKey="Ogren J" first="J." last="Ogren">J. Ogren</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61596" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Penner, J" sort="Penner, J" uniqKey="Penner J" first="J." last="Penner">J. Penner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61594" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-314836" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-314836" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-314836" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Oceanic and Space Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quinn, P K" sort="Quinn, P K" uniqKey="Quinn P" first="P. K." last="Quinn">P. K. Quinn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-27524" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ravishankara, A R" sort="Ravishankara, A R" uniqKey="Ravishankara A" first="A. R." last="Ravishankara">A. R. Ravishankara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61590" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Earth System Research Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305669" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305669" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305669" status="INCOMING"><orgName>NOAA</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Savoie, D L" sort="Savoie, D L" uniqKey="Savoie D" first="D. L." last="Savoie">D. L. Savoie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61599" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-305402" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-305402" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-305402" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Miami</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schwartz, S E" sort="Schwartz, S E" uniqKey="Schwartz S" first="S. E." last="Schwartz">S. E. Schwartz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-61600" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Environmental Sciences Department</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303824" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303824" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303824" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Brookhaven National Laboratory</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shinozuka, Y" sort="Shinozuka, Y" uniqKey="Shinozuka Y" first="Y." last="Shinozuka">Y. Shinozuka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60783" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Department of Oceanography</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="US"></country>
</address>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-303923" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-303923" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303923" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Hawaii</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tang, Y" sort="Tang, Y" uniqKey="Tang Y" first="Y." last="Tang">Y. Tang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-171469" status="VALID"><orgName>Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research</orgName>
<orgName type="acronym">CGRER</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>424 IATL, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366215" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366215" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366215" status="INCOMING"><orgName>University of Iowa</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
<region type="state">Iowa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weber, R J" sort="Weber, R J" uniqKey="Weber R" first="R. J." last="Weber">R. J. Weber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-60607" status="VALID"><orgName>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Georgia Institute of Technology Attn: (name of individual) 311 Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30332-0340 phone: 404-894-3893 Fax: 404-894-5638</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.eas.gatech.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-366808" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-366808" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-366808" status="INCOMING"><orgName>Georgia Institute of Technology</orgName>
<desc><address><country key="FR"></country>
</address>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Atlanta</settlement>
<region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Georgia Institute of Technology</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Y" sort="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Y." last="Wu">Y. Wu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><hal:affiliation type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-91318" status="VALID"><orgName>Department of Atmospheric Sciences</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, Washington, USA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.atmos.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
<listRelation><relation active="#struct-300433" type="direct"></relation>
</listRelation>
<tutelles><tutelle active="#struct-300433" type="direct"><org type="institution" xml:id="struct-300433" status="VALID"><orgName>University of Washington [Seattle]</orgName>
<desc><address><addrLine>Seattle, WA</addrLine>
<country key="US"></country>
</address>
<ref type="url">http://www.washington.edu/</ref>
</desc>
</org>
</tutelle>
</tutelles>
</hal:affiliation>
<country>États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1680-7316</idno>
<imprint><date type="datePub">2006-05-22</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The largest uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate change over the industrial era is that due to aerosols, a substantial fraction of which is the uncertainty associated with scattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation by anthropogenic aerosols in cloud-free conditions (IPCC, 2001). Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty in aerosol influences on climate is critical to understanding climate change over the industrial period and to improving predictions of future climate change for assumed emission scenarios. Measurements of aerosol properties during major field campaigns in several regions of the globe during the past decade are contributing to an enhanced understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their effects on light scattering and climate. The present study, which focuses on three regions downwind of major urban/population centers (North Indian Ocean (NIO) during INDOEX, the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP) during ACE-Asia, and the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA) during ICARTT), incorporates understanding gained from field observations of aerosol distributions and properties into calculations of perturbations in radiative fluxes due to these aerosols. This study evaluates the current state of observations and of two chemical transport models (STEM and MOZART). Measurements of burdens, extinction optical depth (AOD), and direct radiative effect of aerosols (DRE ? change in radiative flux due to total aerosols) are used as measurement-model check points to assess uncertainties. In-situ measured and remotely sensed aerosol properties for each region (mixing state, mass scattering efficiency, single scattering albedo, and angular scattering properties and their dependences on relative humidity) are used as input parameters to two radiative transfer models (GFDL and University of Michigan) to constrain estimates of aerosol radiative effects, with uncertainties in each step propagated through the analysis. Constraining the radiative transfer calculations by observational inputs increases the clear-sky, 24-h averaged AOD (34±8%), top of atmosphere (TOA) DRE (32±12%), and TOA direct climate forcing of aerosols (DCF ? change in radiative flux due to anthropogenic aerosols) (37±7%) relative to values obtained with "a priori" parameterizations of aerosol loadings and properties (GFDL RTM). The resulting constrained clear-sky TOA DCF is ?3.3±0.47, ?14±2.6, ?6.4±2.1 Wm?2 for the NIO, NWP, and NWA, respectively. With the use of constrained quantities (extensive and intensive parameters) the calculated uncertainty in DCF was 25% less than the "structural uncertainties" used in the IPCC-2001 global estimates of direct aerosol climate forcing. Such comparisons with observations and resultant reductions in uncertainties are essential for improving and developing confidence in climate model calculations incorporating aerosol forcing.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Irlande (pays)</li>
<li>Israël</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suède</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li>
<li>Iowa</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Atlanta</li>
<li>Iowa City</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Georgia Institute of Technology</li>
<li>Université de l'Iowa</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bates, T S" sort="Bates, T S" uniqKey="Bates T" first="T. S." last="Bates">T. S. Bates</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Anderson, T L" sort="Anderson, T L" uniqKey="Anderson T" first="T. L." last="Anderson">T. L. Anderson</name>
<name sortKey="Baynard, T" sort="Baynard, T" uniqKey="Baynard T" first="T." last="Baynard">T. Baynard</name>
<name sortKey="Bond, T" sort="Bond, T" uniqKey="Bond T" first="T." last="Bond">T. Bond</name>
<name sortKey="Carmichael, G" sort="Carmichael, G" uniqKey="Carmichael G" first="G." last="Carmichael">G. Carmichael</name>
<name sortKey="Clarke, A" sort="Clarke, A" uniqKey="Clarke A" first="A." last="Clarke">A. Clarke</name>
<name sortKey="Guo, H" sort="Guo, H" uniqKey="Guo H" first="H." last="Guo">H. Guo</name>
<name sortKey="Horowitz, L" sort="Horowitz, L" uniqKey="Horowitz L" first="L." last="Horowitz">L. Horowitz</name>
<name sortKey="Howell, S" sort="Howell, S" uniqKey="Howell S" first="S." last="Howell">S. Howell</name>
<name sortKey="Kulkarni, S" sort="Kulkarni, S" uniqKey="Kulkarni S" first="S." last="Kulkarni">S. Kulkarni</name>
<name sortKey="Maring, H" sort="Maring, H" uniqKey="Maring H" first="H." last="Maring">H. Maring</name>
<name sortKey="Mccomiskey, A" sort="Mccomiskey, A" uniqKey="Mccomiskey A" first="A." last="Mccomiskey">A. Mccomiskey</name>
<name sortKey="Middlebrook, A" sort="Middlebrook, A" uniqKey="Middlebrook A" first="A." last="Middlebrook">A. Middlebrook</name>
<name sortKey="Ogren, J" sort="Ogren, J" uniqKey="Ogren J" first="J." last="Ogren">J. Ogren</name>
<name sortKey="Penner, J" sort="Penner, J" uniqKey="Penner J" first="J." last="Penner">J. Penner</name>
<name sortKey="Quinn, P K" sort="Quinn, P K" uniqKey="Quinn P" first="P. K." last="Quinn">P. K. Quinn</name>
<name sortKey="Ravishankara, A R" sort="Ravishankara, A R" uniqKey="Ravishankara A" first="A. R." last="Ravishankara">A. R. Ravishankara</name>
<name sortKey="Savoie, D L" sort="Savoie, D L" uniqKey="Savoie D" first="D. L." last="Savoie">D. L. Savoie</name>
<name sortKey="Schwartz, S E" sort="Schwartz, S E" uniqKey="Schwartz S" first="S. E." last="Schwartz">S. E. Schwartz</name>
<name sortKey="Shinozuka, Y" sort="Shinozuka, Y" uniqKey="Shinozuka Y" first="Y." last="Shinozuka">Y. Shinozuka</name>
<name sortKey="Tang, Y" sort="Tang, Y" uniqKey="Tang Y" first="Y." last="Tang">Y. Tang</name>
<name sortKey="Weber, R J" sort="Weber, R J" uniqKey="Weber R" first="R. J." last="Weber">R. J. Weber</name>
<name sortKey="Wu, Y" sort="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Y." last="Wu">Y. Wu</name>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Boucher, O" sort="Boucher, O" uniqKey="Boucher O" first="O." last="Boucher">O. Boucher</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Erlick, C" sort="Erlick, C" uniqKey="Erlick C" first="C." last="Erlick">C. Erlick</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Noone, K" sort="Noone, K" uniqKey="Noone K" first="K." last="Noone">K. Noone</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Irlande (pays)"><noRegion><name sortKey="O Dowd, C D" sort="O Dowd, C D" uniqKey="O Dowd C" first="C. D." last="O'Dowd">C. D. O'Dowd</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Musique/explor/MozartV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001605 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001605 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Musique |area= MozartV1 |flux= Main |étape= Exploration |type= RBID |clé= Hal:hal-00295924 |texte= Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling }}
This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.20. |